Model baru evolusi manusia menunjukkan bahwa Homo sapiens muncul dari beberapa populasi yang berkerabat dekat.
Sebuah studi baru di jurnal Nature menantang teori yang berlaku, menunjukkan bahwa Homo sapiens berevolusi dari berbagai populasi yang beragam di seluruh Afrika, dengan pemisahan terdeteksi pertama terjadi 120.000 hingga 135.000 tahun yang lalu, setelah pencampuran genetik yang lama.
Dalam memeriksa materi genetik populasi Afrika saat ini dan membandingkannya dengan bukti fosil yang ditemukan pada masa awal Homo sapiens populasi di sana, para peneliti telah menemukan paradigma baru untuk evolusi manusia – menjungkirbalikkan keyakinan sebelumnya bahwa satu populasi Afrika melahirkan semua manusia. Penelitian baru ini diterbitkan dalam jurnal 17 Mei alam.
Meskipun secara luas dipahami bahwa Homo sapiens Ketidakpastian yang berasal dari Afrika melingkupi bagaimana cabang evolusi manusia menyimpang dan bagaimana orang bermigrasi melintasi benua, kata Brenna Hinn, seorang profesor antropologi dan Pusat Genom di UC Davis, penulis penelitian yang sesuai.
“Ketidakpastian ini disebabkan terbatasnya data fosil dan genom kuno, dan fakta bahwa catatan fosil tidak selalu sesuai dengan harapan dari model yang dibuat dengan[{” attribute=””>DNA,” she said. “This new research changes the origin of species.”
Research co-led by Henn and Simon Gravel of McGill University tested a range of competing models of evolution and migration across Africa proposed in the paleoanthropological and genetics literature, incorporating population genome data from southern, eastern, and western Africa.
The authors included newly sequenced genomes from 44 modern Nama individuals from southern Africa, an Indigenous population known to carry exceptional levels of genetic diversity compared to other modern groups. Researchers generated genetic data by collecting saliva samples from modern individuals going about their everyday business in their villages between 2012 and 2015.
The model suggests the earliest population split among early humans that is detectable in contemporary populations occurred 120,000 to 135,000 years ago, after two or more weakly genetically differentiated Homo populations had been mixing for hundreds of thousands of years. After the population split, people still migrated between the stem populations, creating a weakly structured stem. This offers a better explanation of genetic variation among individual humans and human groups than do previous models, the authors suggest.
“We are presenting something that people had never even tested before,” Henn said of the research. “This moves anthropological science significantly forward.”
“Previous more complicated models proposed contributions from archaic hominins, but this model indicates otherwise,” said co-author Tim Weaver, UC Davis professor of anthropology. He has expertise in what early human fossils looked like and provided comparative research for the study.
The authors predict that, according to this model, 1-4% of genetic differentiation among contemporary human populations can be attributed to variation in the stem populations. This model may have important consequences for the interpretation of the fossil record. Owing to migration between the branches, these multiple lineages were probably morphologically similar, which means morphologically divergent hominid fossils (such as Homo naledi) are unlikely to represent branches that contributed to the evolution of Homo sapiens, the authors said.
Reference: “A weakly structured stem for human origins in Africa” by Aaron P. Ragsdale, Timothy D. Weaver, Elizabeth G. Atkinson, Eileen G. Hoal, Marlo Möller, Brenna M. Henn and Simon Gravel, 17 May 2023, Nature.
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06055-y
Additional co-authors include Aaron Ragsdale, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Elizabeth Atkinson, Baylor College of Medicine; and Eileen Hoal and Marlo Möller, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
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